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Hematology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It involves diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of a wide range of conditions related to blood and its components:
A Hemogram test, also known as a Complete Blood Count (CBC), is a comprehensive blood analysis that evaluates various blood components. It helps in assessing overall health, diagnosing anemia, infections, blood disorders, and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
What it checks:
No preparation is needed for CBC.
At Sachdeva Diagnostics: All CBC tests are done using a fully automated hematology analyzer, with manual smear examination by a Pathologist for accuracy. ESR is included in CBC for every patient.
A microscopic analysis of blood cells by a Pathologist. Provides complete morphological details of cells, helping in diagnosing anemia, infections (e.g., malaria), and blood cancers.
A Coagulation Profile checks the blood’s ability to clot. It helps in diagnosing bleeding or clotting disorders.
Includes:
Why is it done?
Measures the percentage of various types of Hemoglobin. Helps in diagnosing Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Disease.
Cytological / histopathological examination of the bone marrow. Helps diagnose blood & bone marrow disorders, including cancers.
Biochemistry in medical laboratories plays a crucial role in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing diseases. It involves the analysis of chemical substances and processes in the human body, focusing on understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of health and disease.
Assess liver health and functioning by measuring specific substances it produces or processes.
Purpose: Monitoring liver disease, screening for hepatitis, evaluating medication side-effects.
Preparation: No preparation required.
Evaluates kidney health and efficiency.
Purpose: Ordered in cases of swelling, urine changes, cramps, weight fluctuations, or in patients with diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease.
Preparation: No preparation required.
Measures types of fats in blood to assess cardiovascular risks.
Purpose: Screens for risk of heart attack & stroke (esp. in obese, sedentary, smokers, or those with family history).
Preparation: Overnight fasting (8–10 hrs) is preferred.
Assess thyroid gland functioning to diagnose hypo/hyperthyroidism.
Preparation: Morning fasting sample preferred. If on thyroid meds, sample before taking medicine.
Serology is the scientific study of blood serum with regard to the immune system's response to pathogens. It plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics by detecting antibodies or antigens in a patient’s blood.
Detects antibodies (IgM, IgG) against viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Commonly used in HIV, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Malaria, COVID-19, Syphilis, and more.
Identifies blood groups (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factor (positive/negative). Essential for blood transfusion and organ transplantation.
Detects autoantibodies such as ANA (antinuclear antibodies) for SLE and Rheumatoid Factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Measures antibody levels post-vaccination (e.g., COVID-19, Hepatitis B) to confirm immunity.
Microbiology in medical diagnostics is a vital branch of laboratory medicine focused on detecting and identifying microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause infectious diseases. It supports diagnosis, treatment, infection control, and prevention.
Identifies bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections such as tuberculosis, COVID-19, UTIs, malaria, sepsis, etc.
Determines which antibiotics or drugs are effective against a specific pathogen. Supports appropriate therapy and helps prevent antibiotic resistance.
Cytology is the study of individual cells to detect cancer, precancerous lesions, and infections by examining cell size, shape, and organization.
Cells naturally shed or collected from epithelial surfaces.
Example: Cervical Pap Smear
Procedure: Cells collected from cervix using sterile brush/spatula, examined microscopically. Avoid intercourse, tampons, or creams 1–2 days before test.
ICMR Guideline: Women ≥21 yrs → every 3 yrs. With HPV test → every 5 yrs.
Cells aspirated with a fine needle from lumps or masses.
Purpose: To determine benign vs malignant lumps.
Benefits: Minimally invasive, quick, inexpensive, outpatient-based. No preparation required.
Examines cells in body fluids:
Histopathology is the microscopic study of tissues to detect cancers, infections, inflammatory, and systemic diseases.